[易学易懂系列|rustlang语言|零基础|快速入门|(25)|实战2:命令行工具minigrep(2)]
项目实战
实战2:命令行工具minigrep
我们继续开发我们的minigrep。
我们现在以TDD测试驱动开发的模式,来开发新的功能search函数。
开始吧,我们先在src/lib.rs文件中,增加测试代码:
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17 1#[cfg(test)]
2mod tests {
3 use super::*;
4
5 #[test]
6 fn one_result() {
7 let query = "duct";
8 let contents = "\
9Rust:
10safe, fast, productive.
11Pick three.";
12
13 assert_eq!(vec!["safe, fast, productive."], search(query, contents));
14 }
15}
16
17
然后同样再写一个空函数:
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4 1pub fn search<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
2 vec![]
3}
4
然后,我们要跑一下命令:
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2 1cargo test
2
结果显示:
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26 1$ cargo test
2 Compiling minigrep v0.1.0 (file:///projects/minigrep)
3--warnings--
4 Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.43 secs
5 Running target/debug/deps/minigrep-abcabcabc
6
7running 1 test
8test tests::one_result ... FAILED
9
10failures:
11
12---- tests::one_result stdout ----
13 thread 'tests::one_result' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left ==
14right)`
15left: `["safe, fast, productive."]`,
16right: `[]`)', src/lib.rs:48:8
17note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
18
19
20failures:
21 tests::one_result
22
23test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
24
25error: test failed, to rerun pass '--lib'
26
测试不通过。
我们的实现函数search,只简单返回一个空vector。当然,不通过。
怎么办?
重构一下search函数:
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12 1pub fn search<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
2 let mut results = Vec::new();
3
4 for line in contents.lines() {
5 if line.contains(query) {
6 results.push(line);
7 }
8 }
9
10 results
11}
12
然后,我们跑一下命令:
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2 1cargo test
2
结果显示:
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5 1running 1 test
2test tests::one_result ... ok
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4test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
5
测试通过!漂亮!
这就是TDD的基本流程。
我们看看示图:
好吧,现在我们可以直接调用search函数了,把它放到src/lib.rs中的run函数里:
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12 1//重构从文件中读取内容的业务逻辑
2pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
3 let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;
4
5 println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
6
7 for line in search(&config.query, &contents) {
8 println!("-----search result ------{}", line);
9 }
10 Ok(())
11}
12
然后,我们用运行命令:
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2 1cargo run frog poem.txt
2
结果为:
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3 1.......
2-----search result ------How public, like a frog
3
我们找到包含frog单词的那一行!完美!
我们再找下body单词:
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2 1cargo run body poem.txt
2
结果为:
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6 1......
2-----search result ------I'm nobody! Who are you?
3-----search result ------Are you nobody, too?
4-----search result ------How dreary to be somebody!
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6
结果正确!
当然,我们也可以试试不存在的单词:
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2 1cargo run monomorphization poem.txt
2
结果为:
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14 1E:\code\rustProject\minigrep> cargo run monomorphization poem.txt
2 Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.01s
3 Running `target\debug\minigrep.exe monomorphization poem.txt`
4With text:
5I'm nobody! Who are you?
6Are you nobody, too?
7Then there's a pair of us - don't tell!
8They'd banish us, you know.
9
10How dreary to be somebody!
11How public, like a frog
12To tell your name the livelong day
13To an admiring bog!
14
没有出现带“—–search result ——”的结果信息,说明没有找到单词:monomorphization。
结果符合期望。
现在我们再以TDD的开发方式来开发新的功能函数search_case_insensitive,新增测试代码:
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16 1#[test]
2fn case_insensitive() {
3 let query = "rUsT";
4 let contents = "\
5Rust:
6safe, fast, productive.
7Pick three.
8Trust me.";
9
10 assert_eq!(
11 vec!["Rust:", "Trust me."],
12 search_case_insensitive(query, contents)
13 );
14}
15
16
当然,我们可以简单实现一下search_case_insensitive函数,让它fail,因为这个逻辑比较简单,那就直接实现吧:
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13 1pub fn search_case_insensitive<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
2 let query = query.to_lowercase();
3 let mut results = Vec::new();
4
5 for line in contents.lines() {
6 if line.to_lowercase().contains(&query) {
7 results.push(line);
8 }
9 }
10
11 results
12}
13
好的,我们跑一下命令:
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2 1cargo test
2
结果:
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9 1$cargo test
2 Compiling minigrep v0.1.0 (E:\code\rustProject\minigrep)
3 Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.38s
4 Running target\debug\deps\minigrep-07da7ef1bffd9ef9.exe
5
6running 2 tests
7test case_insensitive ... ok
8test tests::one_result ... ok
9
测试通过,漂亮!
我们现在把这个方法整合到run函数里:
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17 1//重构从文件中读取内容的业务逻辑
2pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
3 let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;
4
5 println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
6
7 let results = if config.case_sensitive {
8 search(&config.query, &contents)
9 } else {
10 search_case_insensitive(&config.query, &contents)
11 };
12 for line in results {
13 println!("-----search result ------{}", line);
14 }
15 Ok(())
16}
17
当然,我们也要把属性case_sensitive放到结构体Config里面:
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8 1//结构体Config用来封装参数属性
2pub struct Config {
3 pub query: String,
4 pub filename: String,
5 pub case_sensitive: bool,
6}
7
8
src/lib.rs的完整代码如下 :
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97 1use std::env;
2use std::error::Error;
3use std::fs;
4//结构体Config用来封装参数属性
5pub struct Config {
6 pub query: String,
7 pub filename: String,
8 pub case_sensitive: bool,
9}
10
11//为结构体实现一个构造器,其主要功能也是读取和解析参数
12impl Config {
13 pub fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str> {
14 if args.len() < 3 {
15 return Err("参数个数不够!not enough arguments");
16 }
17
18 let query = args[1].clone();
19 let filename = args[2].clone();
20 let case_sensitive = env::var("CASE_INSENSITIVE").is_err();
21 Ok(Config {
22 query,
23 filename,
24 case_sensitive,
25 })
26 }
27}
28//重构从文件中读取内容的业务逻辑
29pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
30 let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;
31
32 println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
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34 let results = if config.case_sensitive {
35 search(&config.query, &contents)
36 } else {
37 search_case_insensitive(&config.query, &contents)
38 };
39 for line in results {
40 println!("-----search result ------{}", line);
41 }
42 Ok(())
43}
44pub fn search<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
45 let mut results = Vec::new();
46
47 for line in contents.lines() {
48 if line.contains(query) {
49 results.push(line);
50 }
51 }
52
53 results
54}
55pub fn search_case_insensitive<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
56 let query = query.to_lowercase();
57 let mut results = Vec::new();
58
59 for line in contents.lines() {
60 if line.to_lowercase().contains(&query) {
61 results.push(line);
62 }
63 }
64
65 results
66}
67#[cfg(test)]
68mod tests {
69 use super::*;
70
71 #[test]
72 fn one_result() {
73 let query = "duct";
74 let contents = "\
75Rust:
76safe, fast, productive.
77Pick three.";
78
79 assert_eq!(vec!["safe, fast, productive."], search(query, contents));
80 }
81}
82#[test]
83fn case_insensitive() {
84 let query = "rUsT";
85 let contents = "\
86Rust:
87safe, fast, productive.
88Pick three.
89Trust me.";
90
91 assert_eq!(
92 vec!["Rust:", "Trust me."],
93 search_case_insensitive(query, contents)
94 );
95}
96
97
我们现在运行命令:
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2 1cargo run to poem.txt
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结果:
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5 1......
2-----search result ------Are you nobody, too?
3-----search result ------How dreary to be somebody!
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5
现在我们把环境变量设置一下:
如果你的终端是powershell,用以下命令
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2 1 $env:CASE_INSENSITIVE=1
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我们现在运行命令:
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2 1cargo run to poem.txt
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结果:
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6 1......
2-----search result ------Are you nobody, too?
3-----search result ------How dreary to be somebody!
4-----search result ------To tell your name the livelong day
5-----search result ------To an admiring bog!
6
我们现在看看把错误信息输出到一个output.txt文件,运行以下命令:
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2 1cargo run > output.txt
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我们观察到,控制台没有输出。
但当前工程目录有一个output.txt文件,打开文件。里面有错误信息。
我们现在来用eprintln!宏替换掉println!宏。src/main.rs代码更新如下:
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24 1use minigrep::run;
2use minigrep::Config;
3
4use std::env;
5use std::process;
6//主函数,程序入口
7fn main() {
8 let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
9
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11 let config = Config::new(&args).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
12 eprintln!("Problem parsing arguments: {}", err);
13 process::exit(1);
14 });
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16 if let Err(e) = run(config) {
17 //根据处理结果返回值 来处理,如果有错误,则打印信息,并直接退出当前程序
18 eprintln!("Application error: {}", e);
19
20 process::exit(1);
21 }
22}
23
24
运行以下命令:
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2 1cargo run > output.txt
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我们观察到,控制台现在会输出错误信息。
我们运行如下命令:
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2 1 cargo run to poem.txt > output.txt
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这里控制台没有输出。
但打开output.txt,里面的信息为:
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16 1With text:
2I'm nobody! Who are you?
3Are you nobody, too?
4Then there's a pair of us - don't tell!
5They'd banish us, you know.
6
7How dreary to be somebody!
8How public, like a frog
9To tell your name the livelong day
10To an admiring bog!
11-----search result ------Are you nobody, too?
12-----search result ------How dreary to be somebody!
13-----search result ------To tell your name the livelong day
14-----search result ------To an admiring bog!
15
16
以上,希望对你有用。
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2 1如果遇到什么问题,欢迎加入:rust新手群,在这里我可以提供一些简单的帮助,加微信:360369487,注明:博客园+rust
2
参考文章:
https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html